Detection of Landslides and Tsunamis in Douglas Channel and Gardner Canal, British Columbia

In 1975, an underwater landslide in Kitimat Arm at the northern end of Douglas Channel, British Columbia (Figure 1a), triggered tsunami waves that were observed to reach a height of over 8 m at the head of the inlet, destroying a dock and a newly built barge terminal (Bornhold, 1983). Elsewhere in the Douglas Channel region, seafloor deposits attest to previous submarine landslide events (Conway et al., 2012; Stacey et al., 2019), and subaerial landslides of various sizes regularly occur (Maynard et al., 2017). Landslide-generated tsunamis are increasingly recognized as a substantial hazard worldwide, with the potential for extreme wave runup and localized damage, particularly in narrow, steep-sided bays and inlets. In most cases it is not possible to prevent landslides from occurring; however, mitigation efforts can include early landslide detection and the development of tsunami early warning systems using real-time data.