The measurement of social impacts in rural social enterprises: a systematic literature review and future research implications

Rural social enterprises (RSEs) represent an emerging actor in rural and local socio-economic development. The study of RSEs recognizes the importance of place-based actions for development. Social impacts of RSEs have been touted, particularly in filling roles in the rural context that are underperformed by governments and private actors. However, RSEs' social impact measurement remains emerging. This review confirms that measurement of RSEs' social impact, and its attribution to RSEs' interventions, remain underdeveloped and lacking in both rigour and consistency. Solutions are proposed that contribute to improved methodological approaches applicable to rural regions and appropriate for related interventions confronting spatial disparities in rural development.