Improvement in disease activity in refractory juvenile dermatomyositis following abatacept therapy: results of the abatacept in dermatomyositis (aid) trial

Objective This open‐label, 24‐week study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of abatacept in patients with refractory juvenile dermatomyositis (DM). Methods Ten patients ≥7 years of age with moderate disease activity were enrolled in a 24‐week study to examine the safety of subcutaneous abatacept and patient responses to the treatment. The primary endpoint was the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies (IMACS) group Definition Of Improvement (DOI). Secondary endpoints included safety, changes in the core set activity measures (CSMs) of the IMACS group and the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization, and improvements in disease activity based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/EULAR response criteria for juvenile DM. Radiologists blinded with regard to participant data assessed magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of patient thigh muscles. Interferon (IFN)–regulated gene score was performed on whole‐blood RNA samples using a NanoString assay, and cytokines were assessed using a Luminex assay. Results Five patients achieved DOI at week 12, and 9 patients achieved DOI at week 24, including 2 patients with minimal, 4 patients with moderate, and 3 patients with major improvement by the 2016 ACR/EULAR response criteria for juvenile DM when patients were assessed using the CSMs of the IMACS Group. Improvements from baseline were seen in all CSMs at weeks 12 and 24, except in muscle enzymes. Daily glucocorticoid doses decreased from a mean of 16.7 mg at baseline to 10.2 mg at week 24 ( P = 0.002). Average MRI muscle edema scores decreased from a mean baseline score of 5.3 to 2.3 at week 24 ( P = 0.01). Six patients had down‐trending IFN‐regulated gene scores and galectin‐9 expression at week 24. Decreases in IFN‐regulated gene scores and in levels of interferon‐γ‐inducible protein 10kDa, galectin‐9, and interleukin‐2 correlated with improvements in disease activity and in muscle edema shown on MRI. Eleven grade 2 or 3 treatment‐emergent adverse events were observed. Conclusion This open‐label study demonstrated that abatacept may be beneficial for patients with treatment‐refractory juvenile DM. image