A Comprehensive Transcriptional Signature in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Reveals New Insights into the Immune and Desmoplastic Microenvironments

Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease with a few curative options. Desmoplastic stroma and immune system evasion in PDAC represent challenges to the success of therapeutic strategies are used to suitably treat other tumor types. Characterizing the PDAC microenvironment (including the immune environment) remains critical to developing safe and efficient therapies. Here, we present a comprehensive meta-analysis identifying 1153 significantly dysregulated genes, which mainly impact extracellular matrix remodeling and the immune system. We identify two signatures of twenty-eight immune-related genes and eleven stroma-related genes influencing PDAC patients' survival. Additionally, five immune genes are associated with PDAC prognosis for the first time. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) prognoses and treatment responses remain devastatingly poor due partly to the highly heterogeneous, aggressive, and immunosuppressive nature of this tumor type. The intricate relationship between the stroma, inflammation, and immunity remains vaguely understood in the PDAC microenvironment. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of stroma-, and immune-related gene expression in the PDAC microenvironment to improve disease prognosis and therapeutic development. We selected 21 PDAC studies from the Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress databases, including 922 samples (320 controls and 602 cases). Differential gene enrichment analysis identified 1153 significant dysregulated genes in PDAC patients that contribute to a desmoplastic stroma and an immunosuppressive environment (the hallmarks of PDAC tumors). The results highlighted two gene signatures related to the immune and stromal environments that cluster PDAC patients into high- and low-risk groups, impacting patients' stratification and therapeutic decision making. Moreover, HCP5, SLFN13, IRF9, IFIT2, and IFI35 immune genes are related to the prognosis of PDAC patients for the first time.