Identification of Non-steroidal Aromatase Inhibitors via In silico and In vitro Studies

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide, including Pakistan. More than half of breast cancer patients have hormone-dependent breast cancer, which is developed due to the over-production of estrogen (the main hormone in breast cancer).MethodsThe biosynthesis of estrogen is catalyzed by the aromatase enzyme, which thus serves as a target for the treatment of breast cancer. During the current study, biochemical, computational, and STD-NMR methods were employed to identify new aromatase inhibitors. A series of phenyl-3-butene-2-one derivatives 1-9 were synthesized and evaluated for human placental aromatase inhibitory activity. Among them, four compounds 2, 3, 4, and 8 showed a moderate to weak inhibitory activity (IC50 = 22.6 - 47.9 mu M), as compared to standard aromatase inhibitory drugs, letrozole (IC50 = 0.0147 +/- 1.45 mu M), anastrozole (IC50 = 0.0094 +/- 0.91 mu M), and exemestane (IC50 = 0.2 +/- 0.032 mu M). Kinetic studies on two moderate inhibitors, 4 and 8, revealed a competitive- and mixed-type of inhibition, respectively.Results Docking studies on all active compounds indicated their binding adjacent to the heme group and interaction with Met374, a critical residue of aromatase. STD-NMR further highlighted the interactions of these ligands with the aromatase enzyme.Conclusion STD-NMR-based epitope mapping indicated close proximity of the alkyl chain followed by an aromatic ring with the receptor (aromatase). These compounds were also found to be non-cytotoxic against human fibroblast cells (BJ cells). Thus, the current study has identified new aromatase inhibitors (compounds 4, and 8) for further pre-clinical and clinical research.