Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Cardiac Perforation During Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization: a Retrospective Observational Study from the Congenital Cardiac Interventional Study Consortium (CCISC)

Cardiac perforation is a rare life-threatening complication of cardiac catheterization. There is very little published literature detailing risk factors for cardiac perforation and outcomes from this complication in children. This was a retrospective study analyzing the cardiac catheterization case registry of the Congenital Cardiovascular Interventional Study Consortium. Children aged < 18 years were included during the study period of 9 years (January 2009–December 2017). The primary outcome measures were incidence of cardiac perforation, risk factors for and outcomes of patients who experience cardiac perforation during cardiac catheterization. Cardiac perforation occurred in 50 patients from a total of 36,986 (0.14