Data-driven approach for modeling Reynolds stress tensor with invariance preservation

The present study represents a data -driven turbulent model with Galilean invariance preservation based on machine learning algorithm. The fully connected neural network (FCNN) and tensor basis neural network (TBNN) (Ling et al., 2016) are involved and applied. The models are trained based on five kinds of flow cases with Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and high-fidelity data. The mappings between two invariant sets, mean strain rate tensor and mean rotation rate tensor as well as additional consideration of invariants of turbulent kinetic energy gradients, and the Reynolds stress anisotropy tensor are trained. The prediction of the Reynolds stress anisotropy tensor is treated as user's defined RANS turbulent model with a modified turbulent kinetic energy transport equation. The results show that both FCNN and TBNN models can provide more accurate predictions of the anisotropy tensor and turbulent state in square duct flow and periodic flow cases compared to the RANS model. The machine learning based turbulent model with turbulent kinetic energy gradient related invariants can improve the prediction precision compared with only mean strain rate tensor and mean rotation rate tensor based models. The TBNN model is able to predict a better flow velocity profile compared with FCNN model due to a prior physical knowledge.