Dual RNA-Seq of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Its Outer Membrane Vesicles Distinguishes Genes Associated with Susceptibility to Bacterial Cold-Water Disease in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ).

(), the causative agent of Bacterial Cold-Water disease in salmonids, causes substantial losses in aquaculture. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) contain several virulence factors, enzymes, toxins, and nucleic acids and are expected to play an essential role in host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we used transcriptome sequencing, RNA-seq, to investigate the expression abundance of the protein-coding genes in the OMVs versus the whole cell. RNA-seq identified 2190 transcripts expressed in the whole cell and 2046 transcripts in OMVs. Of them, 168 transcripts were uniquely identified in OMVs, 312 transcripts were expressed only in the whole cell, and 1878 transcripts were shared in the two sets. Functional annotation analysis of the OMV-abundant transcripts showed an association with the bacterial translation machinery and histone-like DNA-binding proteins. RNA-Seq of the pathogen transcriptome on day 5 post-infection of -resistant versus -susceptible rainbow trout genetic lines revealed differential gene expression of OMV-enriched genes, suggesting a role for the OMVs in shaping the host-microbe interaction. Interestingly, a cell wall-associated hydrolase (CWH) gene was the most highly expressed gene in OMVs and among the top upregulated transcripts in susceptible fish. The CWH sequence was conserved in 51 different strains of . The study provides insights into the potential role of OMVs in host-pathogen interactions and explores microbial genes essential for virulence and pathogenesis.