Nuclear magnetic resonance for interfaces in rechargeable batteries

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a powerful technique to probe the local environment of atoms bearing a nuclear spin. Interfaces in a rechargeable battery, within multi-component electrode or electrolytes or between the electrodes and the electrolyte, are key to its function and lifetime. NMR spectroscopy of the solid phases in the battery participate in the understanding of the processes at these interfaces. The solidstate NMR community is still highly active for ex situ measurements. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization attracted interest thanks to its enhanced sensitivity. In situ spectroscopy and imaging prospered in the context of metallic Li or Na deposition, either as an ageing process in conventional Li or Na batteries, or as the primary process in a metal battery.