Selection for, and characterization of, fluralaner resistance in the house fly, Musca domestica

House flies, Musca domestica (L), are the mechanical vector of >100 human and animal pathogens, including those that are antibiotic-resistant. Given that house flies are associated closely with human and livestock activity, they present medical and veterinary health concerns. Although there are numerous strategies for control of house fly populations, chemical control has been favored in many facilities. Products with pyrethroid active ingredients have been used predominantly for >35 years in space sprays. As a result, strong selection for pyrethroid resistance has led to reduced control of many populations. Reliance on a limited number of insecticides for decades has created fly control problems necessitating the discovery and formulation of new control chemistries.