Endothelial K_Ca3.1 and K_Ca2.3 Mediate S1P (Sphingosine-1-Phosphate)-Dependent Vasodilation and Blood Pressure Homeostasis

Background:S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate) has been reported to possess vasodilatory properties, but the underlying pathways are largely unknown. Methods:Isolated mouse mesenteric artery and endothelial cell models were used to determine S1P-induced vasodilation, intracellular calcium, membrane potentials, and calcium-activated potassium channels (K(Ca)2.3 and K(Ca)3.1 [endothelial small- and intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels]). Effect of deletion of endothelial S1PR1 (type 1 S1P receptor) on vasodilation and blood pressure was evaluated. Results:Mesenteric arteries subjected to acute S1P stimulation displayed a dose-dependent vasodilation response, which was attenuated by blocking endothelial K(Ca)2.3 or K(Ca)3.1 channels. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, S1P stimulated immediate membrane potential hyperpolarization following activation of K(Ca)2.3/K(Ca)3.1 with elevated cytosolic Ca2+. Further, chronic S1P stimulation enhanced expression of K(Ca)2.3 and K(Ca)3.1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in dose- and time-dependent manners, which was abolished by disrupting either S1PR1-Ca2+ signaling or downstream Ca2+-activated calcineurin/NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) signaling. By combination of bioinformatics-based binding site prediction and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we revealed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells that chronic activation of S1P/S1PR1 promoted NFATc2 nuclear translocation and binding to promoter regions of K(Ca)2.3 and K(Ca)3.1 genes thus to upregulate transcription of these channels. Deletion of endothelial S1PR1 reduced expression of K(Ca)2.3 and K(Ca)3.1 in mesenteric arteries and exacerbated hypertension in mice with angiotensin II infusion. Conclusions:This study provides evidence for the mechanistic role of K(Ca)2.3/K(Ca)3.1-activated endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization in vasodilation and blood pressure homeostasis in response to S1P. This mechanistic demonstration would facilitate the development of new therapies for cardiovascular diseases associated with hypertension.