Structural and electrical properties of Ca 2+ -substituted barium magnesium niobate ceramics

The cost-effective solid-state reaction technique has been used for the synthesis of an environment-friendly Ba 1− x Ca x (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (BCMN) ceramics for x = 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% to examine thoroughly its structural, morphological, and electrical behavior with raising calcium content. We aim to describe in this article how lead-free dielectrics can provide a path to a more ecologically friendly option in this remarkable material class. The XRD patterns reveal the ceramic to be a hexagonal structure with space group P-3m1, no. 164. An essential set of properties, dielectric and AC impedance, has been examined as a function of frequency and temperature along with room-temperature ferroelectric properties of the ceramics. Temperature-dependent conductivity and activation energy have been performed with an increasing calcium content to understand the role of calcium in BMN ceramics. The results show that dielectric properties can be affected by different calcium concentrations. These dielectrics can work satisfactorily and attain a very high temperature of up to 600 °C. Energy storage with long-term reliability is needed to ensure that capacitors do not need to be oversized. This article provides ultrahigh energy storage efficiency and low loss at room temperature. The highest storage efficiency η % that has been found in these compositions is for 15%; Ca-containing composition is 97.68%. The enhanced dielectric properties along with reduced energy loss have made BCMN a prominent energy storage material.