Determining the effect of mineral scaling formation under different injection water sources on the performance of Mishrif carbonate reservoir in Halfaya oilfield, Southern Iraq

The chief source of the oilfield scale is the mixing of incompatible waters. This study demonstrated that mixing the reservoir of Mishrif formation (Halfaya oilfield) with six types of injection water sources, including Tigris River water, producing water formation, Gulf seawater, Marshes water, Middle Kirkuk formation water, and Main Outfall Drain water (AL-Masab AL-Aam Channel), leads to the formation of salt crusts that cause the reduction of reservoir rock permeability. According to the Piper diagram, the Mishrif formation water of all extant water samples was of the sodium chloride type (NaCl), except for HF-81, which was between (NaCl) and mix (CaMgCl) type. A geochemical simulation model of water alignment (PHREEQC) was used to simulate this problem, and it revealed the mineral scaling from mixing processes. These minerals precipitate in rock pores and clog them, which then cause damage to the petrophysical properties of the reservoir and prevent the passage of liquids. Results showed that the best water types used for injection are Middle Kirkuk formation water, followed by the general downstream, then Gulf seawater, but treatment before injection is needed. The study of geochemical modeling method can help to better understand scaling issues by efficiently identifying the best injection water from various selected types with the lowest possible cost, which in turn improves oil production.