The foundations of aetiology: a common language for infection science

With the adoption of infection science as an umbrella term for the disciplines that inform our ideas of infection, there is a need for a common language that links infection's constituent parts. This paper develops a conceptual framework for infection science from the major themes used to understand causal relationships in infectious diseases. The paper proposes using the four main themes from the Principia Aetiologica to classify infection knowledge into four corresponding domains: Clinical microbiology, Public health microbiology, Mechanisms of microbial disease and Antimicrobial countermeasures. This epistemology of infection gives form and process to a revised infection ontology and an infectious disease heuristic. Application of the proposed epistemology has immediate practical implications for organization of journal content, promotion of inter- disciplinary collaboration, identification of emerging priority themes, and integration of cross- disciplinary areas such as One Health topics and antimicrobial resistance. Starting with these foundations, we can build a coherent narrative around the idea of infection that shapes the practice of infection science.