Phylogenomics and phylogeography of Menispermum (Menispermaceae).

Phylogenetic and network analyses based on whole plastome and ITS1&ITS2 sequences show that clusters into two clades with high support values, Clade A () and Clade B ( + ). However, is nested within and, as a result, we support that is a synonym of . We also identified important molecular variations in the plastomes of Menispermaceae. Several indels and consequently premature terminations of genes occur in Menispermaceae. A total of 54 regions were identified as the most highly variable plastome regions, with nucleotide diversity () values > 0.05, including two coding genes (K, 1), four introns (K intron, intron, 16 intron, A intron), and 48 intergenic spacer (IGS) regions. Of these, four informative hotspot regions (H-A, F-32, K-16, and P-J) should be especially useful for future studies of phylogeny, phylogeography and conservation genetics of Menispermaceae.