Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Dual Carbon Batteries Utilising a Quasi-Solid-state Anion Co-Intercalation Electrolyte and Palm Kernel Shell-Derived Hard Carbon

The anion co-intercalation of hexafluorophosphate (PF6- ) and bis (trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (TFSI-) with poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HEP) was used to fabricate a high-performance quasi solid-state dual carbon battery with Li pre-doping, palm kernel shell-derived hard. The palm kernel shell-derived HC was produced by soaking in various concentrations of KOH solution as an activating agent and then carbonising in a single step at 800 degrees C in an N2 environment. As a result of soaking the as-prepared HC in 0.25 M KOH before activation and carbonisation, a mesoporous structure with a large surface area of 1843 m2 g-1 was observed. Various concentrations of LiTFSI were combined with 1 M LIPF6 in EC/DEC (50:50 v/v) to enhance the dual carbon battery's electrochemical performance (DCB). The DCB with Li-HC@Cu and Graphite@Al foils and a quasi-solid electrolyte containing 10 % (w/v) LiTFSI dissolved in 1 M LIPF6 in EC/DEC (50:50 v/v) achieve a high discharge capacity of 73.6 mAh g-1 during 500 cycles in the potential range of 3.0-5.0 V (vs. Li/Li+). As a result, the quasi-solid-state DCB with co-anion incorporation has emerged as a novel sustainable energy storage solution.