Reducing Biases in Thermal Infrared Surface Radiance Calculations Over Global Oceans

Thermal infrared (IR) environmental satellite data assimilation and remote sensing of the surface and lower troposphere depend on the accurate specification of the spectral surface emissivity within clear-sky forward calculations. Over ocean surfaces, accurate modeling of surface-leaving radiances over the sensor scanning swaths is complicated by a quasi-specular bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). Recent findings at the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) have also revealed significant zonally varying systematic biases ( $\approx |0.5|$ K) on a global scale over cold ocean waters; these are the results of temperature dependence in the thermal IR optical constants. This article proposes practical solutions to these problems by modeling thermal IR “effective emissivity” in a manner that accounts for both surface emission and quasi-specular reflectance, along with temperature dependence, while meeting the latency and computational constraints of operational global data assimilation and retrieval systems. We overview the theoretical basis of the model and validate it against ship-based Marine Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (MAERI) spectra obtained from cold and warm water ocean campaigns.