Associations of age, sex, and socioeconomic status with adherence to guideline recommendations on protein intake and micronutrient supplementation in patients with sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

IntroductionPatients with bariatric surgery often show poor long-term compliance to recommendations for prevention of nutrient deficiency but it is unclear which factors contribute. We investigated the associations of age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) with adherence to guideline recommendations on protein intake and micronutrient supplementation. MethodsIn a monocentric cross-sectional study we prospectively recruited patients with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and a minimum postoperative period of 6 months. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from the patients' medical files and by questionnaire. Patients reported on supplement usage, recorded their dietary intake for seven days and underwent physical examinations including blood testing. ResultsWe included 35 patients (SG: n = 25, RYGB: n = 10) with a mean (+SD) postoperative period of 20.2 (+/- 10.4) months. Distributions of age, sex and SES were comparable between the SG and RYGB groups. Non-adherence to recommended protein intake was associated with age >= 50 years (p = 0.041) but not sex or SES. Protein intake inversely correlated with markers of obesity. There were no significant associations of age or sex with micronutrient supplementation. Only for vitamins A (p = 0.049) and B1 (p = 0.047) higher SES was associated with greater compliance. The only manifest deficiency associated with non-adherence to micronutrient supplementation was that for folic acid (p = 0.044). ConclusionIn patients after bariatric surgery, those of older age and of lower SES might have a greater risk of unfavorable outcome and may require greater attention to micronutrient and protein supplementation.