Jurassic-Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the North China Craton and Yanshanian intracontinental orogeny in East Asia: New insights from a general review of stratigraphy, structures, and magmatism
EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS(2023)
Abstract
The tectono-magmatic evolution of the North China Craton (NCC) plays a crucial role in understanding the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (Yanshanian) intracontinental orogeny in East Asia. A holistic understanding of multi -phased deformation and magmatism in the NCC is greatly complicated by the sporadically distributed Mesozoic strata with significantly different stratigraphic associations in various zones. In this paper, we review the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous litho-stratigraphy with emphasis on unconformities to define a coherent chro-nostratigraphic framework of the entire NCC. Integrating available data concerning tectonic deformation, and geochemistry and fabric of igneous rocks into the well-established coherent chronostratigraphic framework, a four-stage tectonic evolutionary model of the NCC is proposed, providing new insights into the dynamics of the Yanshanian intracontinental orogeny in East Asia. The first stage concerns a N-S extension in the NCC during the Early-early Middle Jurassic (-200-170 Ma), expressed by the E-W striking brittle normal faults developed in the Lower-lower Middle Jurassic strata, and magmatism along the southern and northern margins of the NCC. It could be related to the post-orogenic extension after the deep continental subduction of the South China Block beneath the NCC. The second one is characterized by a N-S compression (i.e., Event A of the Yanshanian orogeny) in the late Middle Jurassic (-170-160 Ma), evidenced by the unconformity above the Lower-lower Middle Jurassic strata and the upper Middle Jurassic syn-tectonic deposition. The associated N-S directed thrusts and fault-related folds were mainly localized in the northern part of the NCC, possibly responding to the far-field compression related to the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean. The third stage corresponds to a NW-SE compression (i.e., Event B of the Yanshanian orogeny) during the Late Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous (-160-135 Ma), illustrated by the NW-SE directed thrusts and the overprint of pre-existing N-S directed thrusts by the latter NW-SE directed thrusts. It was well recorded by the Upper Jurassic-lowermost Cretaceous syn-tectonic depo-sition and the unconformity above. This NW-SE compression in response to the flat slab subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate had influenced the entire NCC. However, the latest Middle-early Late Jurassic (-165-150 Ma) local NE-SW extension, recorded by ductile and brittle normal faults, magnetic lineation in granitic plutons, and magmatism that extended to Northeast China and its adjacent areas, also occurred in the northeastern part of the NCC. This could be related to tectonic transition from the N-S closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean to the NNW -directed subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. In the latest stage during the Early Cretaceous (-135-115 Ma), the large-scale crustal extension, characterized by metamorphic core complexes, magmatism, graben or half -graben basins, occurred in a vast area extending more than 4000 km, from Transbaikalia, through the NCC, to the South China Block. It could be the consequence of the lithospheric thinning and the formation of the wide rift due to the southeastward stress relaxation of the NW-SE convergent East Asian continent as the slab rollback of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. These results provide a notable example of polyphase intra-plate deformation and magmatism paradigm in response to intracontinental orogeny with variable plate-boundary geodynamics.
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Key words
Jurassic-Early Cretaceous,Stratigraphic Framework,Tectono-magmatic Process,North China Craton,Geodynamics of East Asia
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