The diversity of mycorrhiza-associated fungi and trees shapes subtropical mountain forest ecosystem functioning

Aim: Mycorrhiza play key roles for ecosystem structure and functioning in forests. However, how different mycorrhizal types influence mountain forest biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships are largely unknown. We evaluate how the diversity of distinct mycorrhiza-associated fungi and trees shapes forest carbon storage along elevational gradients.Location: Gaoligong Mountains within Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China.Taxon: Seed plants and mycorrhizal fungi.Methods: We used the data from 31 subtropical forest plots along elevational gradients on two aspects (east and west) of the mountain. We quantified species richness of trees and symbiotic fungi and assigned both to their mycorrhizal type (arbuscular mycorrhiza [AM], ectomycorrhiza [EcM] and ericoid mycorrhiza [ErM]). We then examined the diversity effects of mycorrhiza-associated fungi and trees on above-ground carbon stored in trees and organic carbon stored in soils.Results: Species richness was highest for AM trees (79.5%), followed by ErM trees (13.4%) and then EcM trees (7.1%). Species richness of AM-associated trees and fungi decreased with increasing elevation, while ErM-associated trees and fungi showed an opposite trend. EcM-associated diversity followed a hump-shaped relationship with elevation. Positive relationships between diversity and above-ground carbon were detected in all three mycorrhizal associations, but despite low species number, canopy-dominating EcM trees comprised 64.4% of the amount of above-ground carbon. Furthermore, community-weighted means of height exhibited positive correlations with forest above-ground carbon, indicating that positive selection effects occur. Soil organic carbon was positively related to EcM-associated fungi diversity, above-ground carbon mass and soil nitrogen availability, with the latter having strongest direct effects.Main Conclusions: The distributions of forest biodiversity and carbon storage can be modulated by distinct mycorrhizal fungi and trees. Moreover, future global changes (e.g. climate warming, intensifying nitrogen deposition) could alter the mycorrhizal-mediated BEF relationships in mountain forests.