Effects of Soil Electrical Conductivity and Physical Properties on Seeding Depth Maintenance and Winter Wheat Germination, Development and Productivity

Crop seeding depth is an important parameter in agrotechnologies, but how can seeding depth automatically be maintained in on-farm soil conditions with different textures, granulometric compositions, structural contents and penetration resistances? For this reason, an on-farm field experiment was conducted in the Panevezys district (Lithuania) during 2020-2022. The field was divided into five zones (EZ1-EZ5) according to soil electrical conductivity. In addition, uniform and variable seeding depths were compared. The results of the investigations showed that soil electrical conductivity was highly correlated with sand (r = -0.867; p <= 0.010 > 0.001) and silt (r = 0.871; p <= 0.010 > 0.001) contents. The seeding method mainly did not have a significant effect on soil physical properties and winter wheat germination, development and productivity. Higher differences were observed among field zones. The winter wheat seeding depth varied from 27.74 to 33.12 mm between the two most different soil electrical conductivity zones. In zones with variable seeding depths, winter wheat seeds sprouted the most abundantly, and germination reached 99% (in EZ3 and EZ4). In EZ1, EZ2 and EZ4, the yields of grain were the highest and were significantly higher than that in the loamy sand of EZ5. The 1000-grain mass was not affected by any of the tested factors. The results suggest the need for further research in fields with a wider range of soil electrical conductivity. This can increase the variation in seeding depth and reveal interactions among the factors in more detail.