Comparison and analysis of the long-term dynamics of GNSS orbits

<p><span lang="en-US">The precision of the GNSS positioning depends on the accuracy and stability of the GNSS satellite orbits. Indeed, the analysis of the GNSS precise orbits determined by the IGS analysis centers shows different long-term behavior in the eccentricities and inclinations of GPS satellites, compared to GLONASS and Galileo satellites. This contribution focuses on analyzing sources of long-term </span><span lang="en-US">dynamics</span><span lang="en-US"> in the GNSS orbits, particularly in the GPS orbits, and the influence of the constellation design. We investigate orbital resonances resulting from external accelerations such as lunisolar gravitation by semi-analytical simulations and compare the dynamical response of the four available constellations: GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, and BeiDou. Finally, we assess the impact of this different dynamical behavior on Precise Point Positioning (PPP).</span></p>