In situ crystal reconstruction strategy-based highly efficient air-processed inorganic CsPbI₂Br perovskite photovoltaics for indoor, outdoor, and switching applications

All-inorganic CsPbI2Br (CPIB) perovskite has gained strong attention due to their favorable optoelectronic properties for photovoltaics. However, solution-processed CPIB films suffer from poor morphology due to the rapid crystallization process, which must be resolved for desirable photovoltaic performance. We introduced phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) as an additive into a perovskite precursor that effectively controls the crystallization kinetics to construct the preferred quality alpha-CPIB film under ambient conditions. Various photophysical and structural characterization studies were performed to investigate the microstructural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of the CPIB and PEAI-assisted perovskite films. We found that PEAI plays a vital role in decreasing pinholes, ensuring precise crystal growth, enhancing the crystallinity, improving the uniformity, and tailoring the film morphology by retarding the crystallization process, resulting in an improved device performance. The device based on the optimized PEAI additive (0.8 mg) achieved a respectably high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.40% compared to the CPIB perovskite solar cell (PSC; 15.75%). Moreover, the CPIB + 0.8 mg PEAI PSC retained similar to 87.25% of its original PCE, whereas the CPIB device retained similar to 66.90% of the initial PCE after aging in a dry box at constant heating (85 degrees C) over 720 h, which revealed high thermal stability. Furthermore, the indoor photovoltaic performance under light-emitting diode (LED) lighting conditions (3200 K, 1000 lux) was investigated, and the CPIB + 0.8 mg PEAI PSC showed a promising PCE of 26.73% compared to the CPIB device (19.68%). In addition, we developed a switching function by employing the optimized PSC under LED lighting conditions, demonstrating the practical application of constructed indoor PSCs.