Association of urinary bisphenol A with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2016

Bisphenol A (BPA), one of the most widely consumed endocrine disrupting chemicals, has been found to be associated with a variety of diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. However, few studies have investigated the association of BPA with long-term health outcomes. This study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2016. The NHANES data were linked to mortality data (with a follow-up point of December 31, 2019). The urinary BPA concentration was estimated by adjusting for urinary creatinine (BPA/Cr, ng/mg). Complex sampling-weighted multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the hazard ratios (HRs) of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among participants with different urinary BPA concentrations. This study included 9243 adult participants. The median follow-up duration was 9.1 years. During this period, 1200 all-cause deaths occurred, of which 374 were cardiovascular deaths. Compared to the lowest BPA/Cr quartile group, the adjusted HRs of the highest BPA/Cr quartile group were 1.76 (95% CI, 1.23–2.52) for cardiovascular mortality and 1.21 (95% CI, 0.98–1.49) for all-cause mortality. In addition, there was a significant interaction between sex and BPA/Cr ( P for interaction = 0.044) for the risk of cardiovascular mortality. The adjusted HR for cardiovascular mortality in female participants was 2.80 (95% CI, 1.56–5.02), while that in male participants was only 1.34 (95% CI, 0.79–2.24). Higher urinary BPA is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality among US adults. The effect of BPA on cardiovascular mortality may be more pronounced in women than in men.