Spatio-temporal coherence of circadian clocks and gating of differentiation in Anabaena filaments

Circadian clock arrays in multicellular filaments of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 display remarkable spatio-temporal coherence under nitrogen-replete conditions. To shed light on the interplay between circadian clocks and the formation of developmental patterns, we followed the expression of a clock-controlled gene under nitrogen deprivation, at the level of individual cells. Our experiments showed that differentiation into heterocysts took place preferentially within a limited interval of the circadian clock cycle; that gene expression in different vegetative intervals along a developed filament was discoordinated; and that the circadian clock was active in individual heterocysts. Furthermore, Anabaena mutants lacking the kaiABC genes encoding the circadian clock core components produced heterocysts but failed in diazotrophy. Therefore, genes related to some aspect of nitrogen fixation, rather than early or mid-heterocyst differentiation genes, are likely affected by the absence of the clock. A bioinformatics analysis supports the notion that RpaA may play a role as master regulator of clock outputs in Anabaena , the gating of differentiation by the circadian clock and the involvement of the clock in proper diazotrophic growth. Together, these results suggest that under nitrogen deficient conditions, the functional unit in Anabaena is reduced from a full filament under nitrogen-rich conditions, to the vegetative cell interval between heterocysts. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.