REVIEW: Dynamic force effects on batteries

Lithium-ion battery has been used for lots of electronic devices. With the popularization of batteries, researchers have focused on batteries' electrochemical performances by environmental conditions, such as temperature, vibration, shock and charging state. Meanwhile, due to very serious global warming, car companies have started using lithium-ion batteries even in cars, replacing internal combustion engines. However, batteries have been developed based on non-moving systems which is totally different from vehicles. In the line of the differences, researchers have tried to reveal relationship between variables from dynamic systems and batteries. In this review, we discuss the comprehensive effect of vibration and shock on batteries. We firstly summarize vibration profiles and effect of normal vibration on batteries. We also sum up effect of shock and penetration on batteries and introduce how ultrasound influences on batteries. Lastly, outlook for the battery design as well as dynamic design of EVs are discussed.