Multivalent Nanobody Conjugate with Rigid, Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Scaffold for Multi-Target Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease

Efficient therapeutic strategies that concurrently target both A beta aggregation and oxidative stress in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) microenvironment emerge as a cutting-edge tool to combat the intricate pathogenesis of AD. Here, a multivalent nanobody conjugate with rigid, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging scaffold is developed to achieve simultaneous A beta amyloidogenesis mitigation, ROS elimination, and A beta plaque clearance. Grafting A beta segment (33-GLMVGGVVIA-42) into the third complementary-determining region of a parent nanobody generates an engineered nanobody NB that can recognize A beta and inhibit its aggregation through homotypic interactions. NB is further genetically modified with a fragment of human interleukin-1 beta (163-VQGEESNDK-171), so that the obtained fusion nanobody NBIL can also facilitate the A beta clearance by microglia. Linking NBIL covalently onto a rigid, ROS scavenging scaffold poly(deca-4,6-diynedioic acid) (PDDA) creates the multivalent nanobody conjugate PNBIL, which not only boosts the binding affinity between NBIL and A beta aggregates for nearly 100 times but also possesses a long-term capability of oxidative stress alleviation, inflammation reduction, and neuron protection. PNBIL has significantly attenuated symptoms on two AD mouse models through amyloidogenesis inhibition and AD microenvironment modulation, validating that the multivalent nanobody conjugate design based on combinatory nanobody and molecular engineering is a promising approach of multi-target therapeutic strategies.