Dendritiform immune cells with reduced antigen-capture capacity persist in the cornea during the asymptomatic phase of allergic conjunctivitis

Background Increased density and altered morphology of dendritic cells (DC) in the cornea and conjunctiva occur during active allergic conjunctivitis. This study investigated whether inflammation (characterised by altered DC density and morphology) persists during the symptom-free phase of allergic conjunctivitis. Methods Twenty participants (age 43.3 ± 14.3 years, 55% female) assessed during their active (symptomatic) phase of allergic conjunctivitis were re-examined during the asymptomatic phase. Ocular allergy symptoms and signs were evaluated during both phases, and five ocular surface locations (corneal centre, inferior whorl, corneal periphery, corneal limbus, and bulbar conjunctiva) were examined using in vivo confocal microscopy (HRT III). DC were counted manually, and their morphology was assessed for cell body size, presence of dendrites, presence of long dendrites and presence of thick dendrites using a grading system. Mixed model analysis (DC density) and non-parametric tests (DC morphology) were used to examine differences between phases. Results DC density at corneal locations did not change between the active and asymptomatic phases ( p ≥ 0.22). However, corneal DC body size was smaller and fewer DC presented with long dendrites during the asymptomatic phase ( p ≤ 0.02). In contrast, at the bulbar conjunctiva, DC density was reduced during the asymptomatic phase compared to the active phase ( p = 0.01), but there were no changes in DC morphology. Conclusions Dendritiform immune cell numbers persist in the cornea during the symptom-free phase of allergic conjunctivitis, whereas conjunctival DC appear to return to a baseline state. The morphology of these persisting corneal DC suggests their antigen-capture capacity is reduced during the asymptomatic phase.