Lung cancer resection after immunochemotherapy vs. chemotherapy in oligometastatic NSCLC.

Background Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy is currently being tested in pivotal trials for stage I-III NSCLC. The impact of immunochemotherapy in patients with oligometastastic disease remains undefined. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of radical treatment after the neoadjuvant course of immunochemotherapy versus chemotherapy. Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients with oligometastastic disease who were treated with immunochemotherapy or chemotherapy combined with local ablation of metastases and radical primary tumor resection between 2017 and 2021. Group A included eight patients with immunochemotherapy; Group B included seven patients with chemotherapy. Descriptive statistical analysis included the characteristics of the patients, tumors, and outcomes. Results There was no difference in postoperative morbidity rates between the groups (p=0.626). The 30-day mortality in both groups was 0%. The median overall survival for Group A was not reached, with a median follow-up time of 25 (range:13-35) months; the median overall survival for Group B was 26 (range:5-53) months. In Group A, all patients remained alive; in contrast, in Group B, four patients died (p=0.026). There was no local thoracic recurrence in either group. In Group B, recurrent disease was identified significantly more often (12.5% vs. 85.75%;p=0.009). The rates of complete and major pathologic response were 37.5% and 0% in Group A and 42.85% and 14.25% in Group B, respectively. Conclusion Despite the small patient number and short-term results, the progression-free and overall survival in patients with oligometastastic disease after local therapy for metastases and primary tumor resection following neoadjuvant course of immunochemotherapy might be promising compared to chemotherapy.