Indium-based transparent conductive oxides developed for perovskite and perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell applications

Silicon solar cells are a mature PV technology; however, they are approaching their fundamental efficiency limit. Further efficiency improvements require a technological change towards silicon-based tandem solar cells, where a second absorber material with a higher band gap is stacked on top of silicon to reduce thermalization losses. For this purpose, perovskite-based solar cells have gained growing interest due to their rapid improvements in power conversion efficiencies, and promises of lower levelized costs of electricity. However, for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells to surpass the current industry standard of silicon solar cells, efficiencies higher than 30 %, and long-term device stability are required.