Probing gamma-ray bursts observed at very high energies through their afterglow

A growing number of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows is observed at very-high energies (VHE, $\gtrsim 100$ GeV). Yet, our understanding of the mechanism powering the VHE emission remains baffling. We make use of multi-wavelength observations of the afterglow of GRB 180720B, GRB 190114C, and GRB 221009A to investigate whether the bursts exhibiting VHE emission share common features, assuming the standard afterglow model. By requiring that the blastwave should be transparent to $\gamma$-$\gamma$ pair production at the time of observation of the VHE photons and relying on typical prompt emission efficiencies and data in the radio, optical and X-ray bands, we infer for those bursts that the initial energy of the blastwave is $\tilde{E}_{k, \rm{iso}} \gtrsim \mathcal{O}(10^{54})$ erg and the circumburst density is $n_0 \lesssim \mathcal{O}(10^{-1})$ cm$^{-3}$ for a constant circumburst profile [or $A_\star \lesssim \mathcal{O}(10^{-1})$ cm$^{-1}$ for a wind scenario]. Our findings thus suggest that these VHE bursts might be hosted in low-density environments. While these trends are based on a small number of bursts, the Cherenkov Telescope Array has the potential to provide crucial insight in this context by detecting a larger sample of VHE GRBs. In addition, due to the very poor statistics, the non-observation of high-energy neutrinos cannot constrain the properties of these bursts efficiently, unless additional VHE GRBs should be detected at distances closer than $15$ Mpc when IceCube-Gen2 radio will be operational.