The clinical value of identifying genetic abnormalities that can be targeted in cholangiocarcinomas.

With the development of genetic sequencing, several driver mutations have been identified and targeted as novel therapeutic approaches, including and . Furthermore, identification of the cellular and molecular structure of the tumor microenvironment has contributed to the development of novel therapies, such as tumor immunotherapy. Combination therapies of chemotherapy plus targeted molecules or immunotherapy are under evaluation and offer the unique opportunity to improve the outcomes of CCA patients with advanced disease.