Dynamic artificial cells by swarm nanorobotics and synthetic life chemistry

Artificial cell mimicry is extremely valuable in basic and applied biotechnological research.However,the existing construction of artificial cell compartments is typi-cally static,creating a distinction between them and the dy-namic natural cells.Herein,we describe a programmable dynamic artificial cell model using swarm nanorobotics and cell-free synthetic transcription-translation solution chem-istry.Under the physical control of two-or three-dimensional magnetic fields by varying the direction,strength,and fre-quency,diverse compartmentation configurations in clusters,chains,and sheets were produced with DNAs and magnetic particles of different morphologies.These diverse dynamic artificial cell architectures exhibit distinct transcription and translation activities.Using swarm robotics and synthetic life chemistry could provide a new paradigm to construct imagi-native artificial cells and provide significant insights into the fundamental life processes and biological applications.