DRC3 is an assembly adapter of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex functional components during spermatogenesis in humans and mice

Dear Editor, Male subfertility,a multifactorial disease affecting～7％of the global male population,is usually caused by abnormalities in sperm flagella.The flagella and motile cilia have similar"9+2"axonemes and are evolutionarily conserved,being widely distributed in bacteria,archaea and eukaryotes1.Cilia defects also lead to primary ciliary dyskinesia(PCD),which affects approxi-mately 1/10,000 individuals worldwide.The nexin-dynein regula-tory complex(N-DRC)is a conserved structural protein complex present in the axonemes of cilia/flagella,from algae to humans.