Microorganisms and their derivatives for cancer therapy

Cancer remains an unsolved and challenging problem. In 1890, Dr. William Bradley 36Coley attempted to use a mixture of dead microbes to treat cancers 37 (DoboszandDzieciatkowski, 2019; Y. Liu et al., 2022), establishing the foundation of 38 bacteria-mediated cancer therapy. Given the recent advances in the study of the human 39 microbiome that revealed its crucial role in tumorigenesis, development, therapy, and 40 prognostic evaluation, additional research efforts on cancer microbial therapies have 41 been conducted (Feng et al.,