Optimal capacity planning and operation of shared energy storage system for large-scale photovoltaic integrated 5G base stations

•A dynamic capacity leasing model of shared energy storage system is proposed with consideration of the power supply and load demand characteristics of large-scale 5G base stations.•A bi-level optimization framework of capacity planning and operation costs of shared energy storage system and large-scale PV integrated 5G base stations is proposed to realize the decoupling of shared energy storage system capacity planning and operation from 5G base station operation.•A bi-level joint optimization problem is formulated to minimize the capacity planning and operation cost of shared energy storage system and the operation cost of large-scale 5G base stations based on the bi-level mixed-integer programming (BiMIP) model.•A reformulation and decomposition (R&D)-based shared energy storage system capacity planning and operation joint optimization (SESSION) algorithm is proposed to realize the iterative solution of the bi-level joint optimization problem.