Small floral patches are resistant reservoirs of wild floral visitor insects and the pollination service in agricultural landscapes

Small floral patches that coexist with crops in agricultural landscapes can function as biodiversity reservoirs. However, the influence of the landscape context and agricultural management on the capacity of these small green infrastructures to support diversity is poorly understood. Here, we evaluate the effect of landscape simplification, agricultural intensification in the neighbourhood, and quality of the floral habitats on the success of these patches to support flower-visiting insect communities as well as the pollination service they provide.To this aim, we sampled floral patches located in 18 paired olive farms with contrasting herb cover man-agement (intensive vs. low-intensity), distributed along a wide gradient of landscape complexity at the regional scale of South Spain. We conducted surveys of flower-visiting insects in 36 multi-floral stands and 36 mono-floral stands of Sinapis alba Linnaeus (1753) within these floral patches. Mono-floral stands were used to evaluate variations in the pollination service through number of viable seeds and seed set.Results revealed that the abundance and diversity of flower-visiting insects respond to the quality of the floral patch (diversity of flowers) but not to landscape context nor agricultural management around it. Moreover, the pollination service was similar and high (seed set ca. 100 %) in all floral patches regardless of their context.Our findings highlight the importance of even small floral patches that function as reservoirs of diversity of flower-visiting insects and the pollination service. They also show the high resistance of these patches to agri-cultural intensification and simplification in olive grove landscapes.