Atomic Layer Deposition Derived Zirconia Coatings on Ni-Rich Cathodes in Solid-State Batteries: Correlation Between Surface Constitution and Cycling Performance

Protective coatings are required to address interfacial incompatibility issues in composite cathodes made from Ni-rich layered oxides and lithium thiophosphate solid electrolytes (SEs), one of the most promising combinations of materials for high energy and power density solid-state battery (SSB) applications. Herein, the preparation of conformal ZrO2 nanocoatings on a LiNi0.85Co0.10Mn0.05O2 (NCM85) cathode-active material (CAM) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is reported and the structural and chemical evolution of the modified NCM85 upon heat treatment-a post-processing step often required to boost battery performance-is investigated. The coating properties are shown to have a strong effect on the cyclability of high-loading SSB cells. After mild annealing (approximate to 400 degrees C), the CAM delivers high specific capacities (approximate to 200 mAh g(-1) at C/10) and exhibits improved rate capability (approximate to 125 mAh g(-1) at 1C) and stability (approximate to 78% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.5C), enabled by effective surface passivation. In contrast, annealing temperatures above 500 degrees C lead to the formation of an insulating interphase that negatively affects the cycling performance. The results of this study demonstrate that the preparation conditions for a given SE/CAM combination need to be tailored carefully and ALD is a powerful surface-engineering technique toward this goal.