Development and parameterization of a model for low-temperature oxidative self-heating of coal stockpiles under forced convection

•The Brinkman-Forchheimer equation is applicable to describe the air in coal stockpiles.•The activation energy of coal is linearly related to the inverse of particle size.•The critical wind speed at which thermal buoyancy can be ignored is 0.02 m/s.•Reducing porosity, particle size, height, and slope angle facilitate storage.