TEEECH: Three-Tier Extended Energy Efficient Clustering Hierarchy Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

•Design a Three-Tier Extended Energy Efficient Clustering Hierarchy (TEEECH) Protocol approach.•TEEECH combines the MFCM and CH threshold selection approach to extend the Heterogeneous WSN lifetime.•Direct communication is used with BS to optimize cluster formulation procedures.•Results show that it provides better performance in terms of the network stability and lifetime.•Improve the cluster head selection and reduce the energy consumption of distant cluster heads.