Mn-Co bimetallic spinel catalyst towards activation of peroxymonosulfate for deep mineralization of toluene: The key roles of SO4•- and O2•- in the ring-opening and mineralization of toluene

•A MnCo2O4.5 catalyst with excellent activity for PMS activation was fabricated.•MnCo2O4.5/PMS system can efficiently mineralize toluene.•The radicals’ contributions to the conversion and mineralization of toluene were determined.•The toluene degradation routes induced by HO• and SO4•- were detailedly summarized.