Constructing α-Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 /SiO 2 S-scheme-based heterostructure for photo-Fenton like degradation of rhodamine B dye in aqueous solution

This work successfully fabricated graphitic carbon nitride and magnetically recoverable α-Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 /SiO 2 photo-Fenton catalysts using thermal polycondensation and in situ-simple precursor drying-calcination process, respectively, was examined for model synthetic rhodamine B (RhB) dye in the presence of H 2 O 2 and acidic pH under simulated visible light irradiation. An aqueous suspension of the reaction mixture of dye-containing wastewater was fully degraded and reached 97% of photo-Fenton degradation efficiency within 120 min followed by the production of hydroxyl radical ( • OH). The dominant hydroxyl radical position generated surface charge, electrostatic potential distribution, and average local ionization potential, which contributed to the complete mineralization of RhB dye, according to the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. HPLC and GCMS experiments were performed to examine the degradation fragments of RhB and draw a plausible mechanistic pathway which showed that RhB degradation generated a series of N-deethylated products, followed by a one-time ring-opening, which indicated that photosensitization induced a photocatalysis reaction mechanism. Graphical Abstract