Inflammatory and immune etiology of type 2 diabetes

A specific type 2 diabetes (T2D) patient endotype, termed ‘severe insulin resistant’, is characterized by an atypical blood inflammatory response.Immune predisposition might modulate pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin effects on metabolic organs such as the liver and adipose tissue.Monocyte and macrophage activation might be used as a putative surrogate for tissue alterations in T2D.The identification of early monocyte- and macrophage-specific biomarkers is required to assign an ‘inflammatory-mediated T2D’ endotype.