Techno-economic evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic system with hot/cold water storage for poly-generation in a residential building

There is a growing effort towards the application of solar technologies to meet electrical and thermal demand. However, substantial energy is used in buildings around the world for electricity and thermal comfort. Here we evaluate a novel hybrid solar-powered system for reducing the load on the direct expansion and heat pump unit of a combined heating and air conditioning system while generating electricity. The system combines rooftop photovoltaic (PV) and building-integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPV/T) systems for electricity generation, while any excess electricity is used to drive a hot and cold water storage system. A residential building in Tehran is used as a case study, and the results are computed via MATLAB, TRNSYS, and Carrier HAP software. The system is shown to outperform both rooftop PV and BIPV/T systems alone, generating at least 50% more electricity while reducing the heating and cooling loads on the machinery by at least 60%. The system also enjoys a payback time of 2.87 years. The impact of thermal comfort setpoints, in addition to inflation and discount rates, are also evaluated via a sensitivity analysis involving several key performance metrics, namely the hot and cold water storage volumes, the size of the desiccant wheel, and the payback time. The cooling load is found to have the greatest influence on the cold water storage volume and the desiccant size, with 80.1% and 41.2% variations for baseline variations of ±20%. With a 57.7% increase, the heating load is found to have the biggest influence on the hot water storage volume. With a 27.1% variation, inflation has the strongest effect on the payback time.