Inaccurate self-report of olfactory dysfunction in REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder and implications for prognosis

Introduction: The earliest stages of alpha-synucleinopathies are accompanied by non-specific prodromal symptoms such as diminished sense of smell, constipation and depression, as well as more specific prodromal conditions including REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder (RBD). While the majority of RBD patients will develop an alpha-synucleinopathy, one of the greatest clinical challenges is determining whether and when individual patients will phenoconvert. Clinical evaluation of a patient presenting with RBD should therefore include robust and objective assessments of known alpha-synucleinopathy prodromes.Methods: This study compared olfactory function self-report measures with psychophysical 'Sniffin' Stick 16-item Identification' test scores in Control (n = 19), RBD (n = 16) and PD (n = 17) participants.Results: We confirm that olfactory test scores are significantly diminished in RBD and PD groups compared to Controls (p < 0.001, One-Way ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer Post-Hoc, effect size = 0.401). However, RBD participants were only 56 % accurate when self-reporting olfactory dysfunction, hence markedly less likely to perceive or acknowledge their own hyposmia compared to Controls (p = 0.045, Fisher's Exact Test, effect-size = 0.35).Conclusion: When isolated RBD presents with hyposmia, there is an increased likelihood of phenoconversion to Parkinson's Disease (PD) or Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB); unawareness of olfactory dysfunction in an individual with isolated RBD may therefore confound differential diagnosis and prognosis. Our results evidence the fallibility of olfactory function self-report in the context of RBD prognosis, indicating that clinical assessments of RBD patients should include more reliable measures of olfactory status.