Which modality is better to diagnose high-grade transformation in retroperitoneal liposarcoma? Comparison of computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging

Background Survival in patients with retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RPLS) depends on the surgical management of the dedifferentiated foci. The present study investigated the diagnostic yield of contrast-enhanced CT, 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET), and diffusion-weighted MRI in terms of dedifferentiated foci within the RPLS. Methods Patients treated with primary or recurrent RPLS who underwent the above imaging between January 2010 and December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnostic accuracy of the three modalities for histologic subtype of dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLS) and French Federation of Cancer Center (FNCLCC) grade 2/3 were compared using receiver operating characteristic curves and areas under the curves (AUCs). Results The cohort involved 32 patients with 53 tumors; 30 of which exhibited DDLS and 31 of which did FNCLCC grades 2/3. The optimal thresholds for predicting DDLS were mean CT value of 31 Hounsfield Unit (HU) (AUC = 0.880, 95% CI 0.775–0.984; p < 0.001), maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 2.9 (AUC = 0.865 95% CI 0.792–0.980; p < 0.001), while MRI failed to differentiate DDLS. The cutoff values for distinguishing FNCLCC grades 1 and 2/3 were a mean CT value of 24 HU (AUC = 0.858, 95% CI 0.731–0.985; p < 0.001) and SUVmax of 2.9 (AUC = 0.885, 95% CI 0.792–0.978; p < 0.001). MRI had no sufficient power to separate these grades. Conclusions Contrast-enhanced CT and PET were useful for predicting DDLS and FNCLCC grade 2/3, while MRI was inferior to these two modalities.