A High-Performance Hybrid Biofuel Cell with a Honeycomb-Like Ti₃C₂T_x/MWCNT/AuNP Bioanode and a ZnCo₂@NCNT Cathode for Self-Powered Biosensing

This work focusses on developing a hybrid enzyme biofuel cell-based self-powered biosensor with appreciable stability and durability using murine leukemia fusion gene fragments (tDNA) as a model analyte. The cell consists of a Ti3C2Tx/multiwalled carbon nanotube/gold nanoparticle/glucose oxidase bioanode and a Zn/Co-modified carbon nanotube cathode. The bioanode uniquely exhibits strong electron transfer ability and a high surface area for the loading of 1.14 x 10(-9) mol cm(-2) glucose oxidase to catalyze glucose oxidation. Meanwhile, the abiotic cathode with a high oxygen reduction reaction activity negates the use of conventional bioenzymes as catalysts, which aids in extending the stability and durability of the sensing system. The biosensor offers a 0.1 fm-1 nm linear range and a detection limit of 0.022 fm tDNA. Additionally, the biosensor demonstrates a reproducibility of approximate to 4.85% and retains approximate to 87.42% of the initial maximal power density after a 4-week storage at 4 degrees C, verifying a significantly improved long-term stability.