Spatiotemporal distribution of red vented bulbul (Pycononotus cafer) by GIS application in District Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan

Ecological modelling is very useful tool to evaluate the spatial distribution and breeding biology. In this study GIS mapping was use to study the population of Red Vented Bulbul in 8 different regions (Chikrala, Abba Khel, Chiddru, Namal Lake, Musa Khel, Sawans, Bittian, and Gulmeri) of the district Mianwali. Spatial distribution of specie, their nests structures, total eggs and hatching rate was thoroughly investigated during the survey. Results revealed that mostly this specie was found in continuous circulations around all sites except Gulmeri. Population density was recorded higher from the month of March to July and then starts deceasing. Breeding time started from late February to late July. For nest construction, 42 nests have been investigated from study sites and observed that the Red Vented Bulbul used different plant species, including Psidium guajava, Zizyphus nummularia, Dodonea viscosa, Dalbergia sissoo, Phoenix dactylifera, Berberis lyceum, Vitis vinifera, and Morus alba. The incubation time of the eggs range between 11-14 days. The incubating and fledgling success was found to be 82 and 87% respectively. The study shows that the Red Vented Bulbul is widely distributed throughout the targeted regions of the district Mianwali.