Choose Your Procedure Wisely: Removal of Outliers is Inappropriate for Estimating Background Concentrations of Trace Elements in Soil

Background concentrations of trace elements in soil, i.e., the natural abundances of metals and metalloids in soil, have been the subject of much scientific discussion. This article attempts to clarify the concept, particularly from the perspective of environmental toxicology and chemistry. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;00:0-0. © 2022 SETAC.