Painful and Frequent Micturition

Painful and frequent micturition is a common cause of bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in transgender populations, particularly in those undergoing gender-affirming surgery (GAS). Hormonal and surgical changes to the lower urinary tract may predispose patients to such symptoms. We discuss the prevalence, pathophysiology, and potential causes of painful and frequent micturition in transgender patients, including urethral stricture disease, urethral fistulae, urinary tract infection, dermatological disorders, primary bladder pathologies, and pelvic floor dysfunction.